About This Article
This is a starting point of the breakdown of philosophical beliefs. The structure for this information section is as follows:
- Terminology (click on headings below).
- Categorizing beliefs in each philosophy that can be believed or not believed.
- Grouping variants of each life philosophy that are similar as one another.
- Complete terminology, categorizing, and grouping for religious and political beliefs.
Important Applicable Definitions
- Belief (In terms of Self): Something that is accepted, considered to be true, or held as an opinion.
- Belief (In terms of Another): A state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing.
- Philosophy: The beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group.
Animism
The central belief is that the vital principle of organic development is immaterial spirit.
Bahá
The central belief is focused on the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people.
Buddhism
The central belief is that suffering is inherent in life and that one can be liberated from it by cultivating wisdom, virtue, and concentration.
Determinism
The central belief is that acts of the will, occurrences in nature, or social or psychological phenomena are causally determined by preceding events or natural laws.
Dualism
The central belief is that reality consists of two irreducible elements or modes.
Empiricism
The central belief is that all knowledge originates in experience.
Existentialism
The central belief is focused on the analysis of individual existence in an unfathomable universe and the plight of the individual who must assume ultimate responsibility for acts of free will without any certain knowledge of what is right or wrong, or good or bad.
Hedonism
The central belief is that ultimate reality lies in a realm transcending phenomena, and/or that pleasure or happiness is the sole or chief good in life.
Idealism
The central belief is that the essential nature of reality lies in consciousness or reason.
Jainism
The central belief is liberation of the soul by right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct.
Materialism
The central belief is that physical matter is the only or fundamental reality and that all being and processes and phenomena can be explained as manifestations or results of matter.
Monism
The central belief can be any or all of the following:
- There is only one kind of ultimate substance.
- Reality is one unitary organic whole with no independent parts.
Naturalism
The central belief is to deny that an event or object has a supernatural significance.
Nihilism
The central belief is that traditional values and beliefs are unfounded and that existence is senseless and useless.
Optimism
The central belief is that this world is the best possible world.
Paganism
The central belief is one who has little or no religion and who delights in sensual pleasures and material goods.
Pessimism
The central belief is that this reality is essentially evil.
Positivism
The central belief is that theology and metaphysics are earlier imperfect modes of knowledge and that positive knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations as verified by the empirical sciences.
Rationalism
The central belief can be any or all of the following:
- Reason is in itself a source of knowledge superior to and independent of sense perceptions.
- Reason and experience, rather than the nonrational, are the fundamental criteria in the solution of problems.
Realism
The central belief is that universals exist outside the mind.
Relativism
The central belief can be any or all of the following:
- Knowledge is relative to the limited nature of the mind and the conditions of knowing.
- Ethical truths depend on the individuals and groups holding them.
Solipsism
The central belief is that the self can know nothing but its own modifications and that the self is the only existent thing.
Spiritualism
The central belief is that spirit is a prime element of reality.
Stoicism
The central belief is the acceptance of misfortune without complaint or discernible emotion.
Taoism
The central belief is concerned with obtaining long life and good fortune often by magical means.
Transcendentalism
The central belief(s) can be any or all of the following:
- Emphasizes the “a priori” conditions of knowledge and experience, or the unknowable character of ultimate reality.
- Emphasizes the transcendent as the fundamental reality.
Universalism
The central belief is that all human beings will eventually be saved.
Voluntarism
The central belief is that will is the dominant factor in experience or in the world.